Menopause Sleep
Sleep Problems During Menopause
Sleep trouble is common around menopause. Night sweats, persistent insomnia and sleep apnea can overlap, and treatment evidence differs for each.
Some women wake up soaked and kicking off the covers. Some lie awake for hours with no sweat at all. Some sleep a full night and still feel wrung out by lunch. Humanic Blue starts with that variety: “menopause sleep” can involve several overlapping problems. Treatment evidence differs for each.
Trouble sleeping is common in the transition. A survey of more than 12,000 US women found it peaked in late perimenopause, the later transition before the final menstrual period. The studies here examine three possible contributors: night sweats and hot flashes, insomnia that outlasts them, and sleep apnea, which gets more likely after menopause. Hormone therapy and newer non-hormone drugs ease night sweats, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) helps persistent insomnia, and a sleep study can identify apnea. For living longer and better, these are findings about symptoms and function; they do not establish a lifespan benefit from treatment.
In This Article
Key Takeaways
- Trouble sleeping is common during the menopause transition and peaks in late perimenopause.
- In overnight lab tests, measured sleep wasn’t worse after menopause, even though women were less satisfied with it.
- Sleep apnea was markedly more likely after menopause in a Wisconsin population study. This is an observed association.
- Telephone CBT-I improved insomnia in women with hot flashes in a randomized trial.
- Hormone therapy and newer non-hormone drugs reduce hot flashes and modestly improve sleep scores.
- No study shows that treating menopausal sleep problems helps women live longer.
How much is menopause itself?
The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN), in an analysis led by Howard Kravitz of Rush Medical College’s psychiatry department in Chicago, surveyed more than 12,000 women aged 40 to 55 at seven US sites in the 1990s. About 38% said they’d had trouble sleeping in the previous two weeks. The rate was highest in late perimenopause and in women whose menopause came from surgery, at nearly half.
The researchers found that menopausal stage was linked to sleep difficulty “independent of other potential explanatory factors.” Age wasn’t. Hot flashes, mood, general health, arthritis, education and ethnicity mattered too. The survey numbers
Overnight lab recordings tell a more complicated story. In the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort, a University of Wisconsin–Madison team led by Terry Young of the Department of Population Health Sciences gave about 600 women full overnight sleep studies. They reported that sleep quality was no worse in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal women actually had a little more deep sleep. They were, however, less satisfied with their sleep.
A small Finnish study from the University of Turku followed about 80 women for five years, from before menopause. Poor sleep five years later was predicted by things already present at the start: depressive symptoms, personal crises, medicines that act on the brain, poorer general health and frequent night sweats. The authors concluded that menopause itself seemed to have only a small effect on sleep.
Surveys ask how women feel they slept; lab studies measure sleep overnight with sensors. Both matter. The Wisconsin researchers advised against putting midlife sleep symptoms down mainly to menopause until underlying sleep disorders have been ruled out.
Can treating night sweats improve sleep?
Hot flashes at night can wake you again and again. In the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS), more than 650 recently menopausal women used oral estrogen, an estradiol skin patch or placebo for four years; women on either estrogen also took progesterone for part of each month. A Mayo Clinic team analyzing the sleep data found both hormone therapies improved sleep-quality scores by about 1.3 points, compared with 0.6 points with placebo, on a scale from 0 to 21 where higher scores mean worse sleep. The difference was modest. Worse hot flashes and night sweats went with worse sleep. How KEEPS measured sleep
The Menopause Society, then called the North American Menopause Society, said in its 2023 position statement that “hormone therapy remains the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms,” the medical term for hot flashes and night sweats. For women who can’t or don’t want to use hormones, it recommends several options, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), clinical hypnosis, certain antidepressants, gabapentin and fezolinetant (Veozah). As of September 26, 2026, fezolinetant’s FDA label carries a boxed warning about liver injury and calls for liver blood tests before and during treatment. Several of the statement’s panel members disclosed consulting for drugmakers (Note 1). Hormone therapy’s broader risks and benefits are covered in Menopause and Longevity.
A newer non-hormone option is elinzanetant, which the FDA approved on October 24, 2025, as Lynkuet. In two Bayer-sponsored trials of about 800 women, OASIS 1 and 2, led by JoAnn Pinkerton of University of Virginia Health, women taking it had about three fewer hot flashes a day than women on placebo and reported less sleep disturbance at 12 weeks. Bayer helped design the trials, analyze the data and write the paper (Note 2).
A trial built around sleep itself adds a caution. In NIRVANA, another Bayer-sponsored study, led by Fiona Baker of SRI International’s Center for Health Sciences, about 100 women had lab sleep tests. After four weeks, those on elinzanetant spent about 22 fewer minutes awake during the night than those on placebo. At 12 weeks, the two groups were about a minute apart, although the researchers’ modeling across all 12 weeks still favored the drug (Note 3). Sleep researchers at UNSW Sydney and the Woolcock Institute published a commentary the same day in the journal Sleep. Its title made their point: elinzanetant improved sleep, and so did placebo.
As of September 26, 2026, Lynkuet’s FDA label warns about sleepiness and next-day impairment, requires liver tests before starting and again at three months, rules it out during pregnancy and, since August 2026, warns about a risk of seizures. The label and trial details
What distinguishes improved sleep through fewer night sweats from treatment of insomnia?
Insomnia that sticks
Insomnia can start with night sweats and carry on after they ease. In a randomized trial from the National Institutes of Health-funded MsFLASH research network, led by Susan McCurry of the University of Washington, about 100 women aged 40 to 65 with insomnia and at least two hot flashes a day got six phone sessions over eight weeks. Half got the structured insomnia therapy; half got general menopause education (Note 4).
The trial used the Insomnia Severity Index, a questionnaire scored from 0 to 28; higher scores mean worse insomnia. Its “no-insomnia range” was 0–7.
- Six months after starting, 84% of the CBT-I group had insomnia scores in the “no-insomnia range,” compared with 43% of the education group.
- Hot flashes didn’t become less frequent, but they got in the way of daily life less.
CBT-I combines a clinician-guided adjustment of time in bed, habits that help reconnect bed with sleep, and work on thoughts that keep people awake. It is a structured treatment rather than a general list of sleep tips. The American College of Physicians has recommended it since 2016 as the first-line treatment for adults with chronic insomnia, as covered in Improve Sleep After 50. The trial numbers
Could sleep apnea be part of the picture?
Sleep apnea, repeated pauses in breathing during sleep, is easy to miss in women. In a second Wisconsin Sleep Cohort analysis of the same group of about 600 women, Terry Young’s team found that postmenopausal women had about two and a half times the odds of at least mild apnea compared with premenopausal women, and about three and a half times the odds of moderate or worse apnea. That held after accounting for age, body size and smoking. It’s a link from one snapshot in time, not proof that menopause causes apnea. The apnea numbers
The authors wrote that testing for it should be a priority for menopausal women who report snoring, daytime sleepiness or unsatisfying sleep. What untreated apnea means for long-term health is covered in Sleep Apnea and Longevity.
What questions remain when all sleep disruption during menopause is attributed to hot flashes?
What’s Interesting
Surveys and sleep labs give different answers. Women report worse sleep during the transition, yet the Wisconsin recordings didn’t show it. That doesn’t make the problem less real. The causes may come and go, like night sweats on some nights and not others, and the lab can’t record how rested someone feels the next day.
Meanwhile, cooling pillows, bedside fans and chilled mattress pads have become a whole shopping category. The Menopause Society’s 2023 panel didn’t recommend cooling techniques as a hot flash treatment, saying they still need larger, controlled trials. The panel was judging them as a treatment for hot flashes, which is a different question from whether a cooler bedroom feels better.
What This Means in Practice
For living longer and better through the transition, the evidence here concerns sleep, symptoms and daytime function. It does not show that any of these treatments extends life. Results are group averages, and one woman can have several contributors to disrupted sleep.
A clinical conversation can sort those contributors using concrete details: whether waking follows sweating, whether lying awake persists on cool, dry nights, and whether snoring or daytime sleepiness is present. Medicines, alcohol and mood are also relevant to that history.
The Menopause Society’s symptom guidance covers hormone and nonhormone treatments for hot flashes, with different eligibility and safety requirements. The American College of Physicians recommends CBT-I first for adults with chronic insomnia. Young and colleagues, who conducted the Wisconsin apnea study, called for testing in menopausal women who report snoring, daytime sleepiness or unsatisfying sleep. These are different treatment questions, rather than one general “menopause sleep” prescription.
Sleep aids have their own evidence and limitations, including those discussed in Melatonin and Aging. A medication review can address those alongside existing treatment and possible breathing problems.
The Menopause Society’s Find a Menopause Clinician database lists clinicians; its MSCP credential marks those who’ve passed the Society’s menopause competency exam. The Society of Behavioral Sleep Medicine keeps a provider directory for CBT-I, with a telemedicine listing. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine’s sleep center directory lists AASM-accredited centers that diagnose and treat sleep disorders, including apnea.
Bottom Line
Sleep problems during menopause are common and peak in late perimenopause, and more than one contributor may be present. Night sweats respond to hormone therapy or newer non-hormone drugs, which modestly improve sleep scores. Insomnia responded to telephone CBT-I in a trial. Sleep apnea was more common after menopause in the Wisconsin study; testing can establish whether it is present. Lab studies suggest menopause alone doesn’t always worsen measured sleep, so other causes are worth ruling out. Whether any of these treatments affects lifespan is unknown. A gynecologist or menopause specialist can discuss hot flash treatment, and a sleep specialist can test for apnea and provide CBT-I.
A NOTE FROM LONGEVITY365
We read research, consult expert perspectives and work to make complicated health information easier to understand. What you’re reading here reflects how we’ve interpreted and organized that information. It is educational content—not personal medical advice, diagnosis or treatment guidance.
We’re not perfect, and neither is the available research. Evidence changes, new studies emerge and what’s appropriate for one person may not be appropriate for another.
Use this article as a starting point for your own research and conversations with qualified professionals. Always talk with your doctor or another trusted healthcare professional before making decisions that could affect your health, particularly if you take medications, are receiving treatment, have existing health conditions, are pregnant or have other circumstances that could affect what’s appropriate for you.
Reader Questions
A few questions to carry into the comments or your next conversation. Please leave out identifying or personal medical details.
- 01Which sleep-related evidence boundary would be most useful to clarify: timing, breathing, stress, medications, tracker data, or daytime function?
- 02Which part of the article helped separate a normal age-related change from something worth asking about?
- 03What question would make a sleep conversation more useful than just chasing a better score?
Extra Insights & Sources
For readers who want the details behind each claim above. In these study summaries, an odds ratio (OR) compares the odds of an outcome between groups; 1 means no difference. A confidence interval (CI) shows the uncertainty around an estimate. A P value describes how compatible the observed result is with a model of no difference; it does not measure the size or practical importance of an effect. These measures do not turn an observational link into a cause.
What We Know
- Sleep complaints are common during the transition and peak in late perimenopause.
- Postmenopausal women have higher odds of sleep apnea. This is an observed association.
- CBT-I improves menopausal insomnia.
- Hormone therapy modestly improves sleep quality, alongside its effect on hot flashes.
What We Don’t Know
- Why measured sleep in the lab doesn’t match how poorly many women feel they sleep. Uncertain.
- How much of elinzanetant’s sleep effect lasts beyond the first weeks, given NIRVANA’s week-12 result. Uncertain.
- How elinzanetant compares with hormone therapy for sleep. Unknown; no head-to-head trials.
- Whether treating menopausal sleep problems affects long-term health or lifespan.
How much menopause changes sleep: the studies
SWAN (Kravitz and colleagues, 2003). This community-based survey ran from November 1995 to October 1997 at the seven US SWAN sites. The 12,603 women, aged 40 to 55, were Caucasian, African American, Chinese, Japanese and Hispanic, and were asked whether they’d had difficulty sleeping in the past two weeks. Difficulty sleeping was reported by 38%. Age-adjusted rates were highest in the late perimenopausal (45.4%) and surgically postmenopausal (47.6%) groups; by ethnicity, rates ranged from 28% in Japanese women to 40% in Caucasian women. In multivariate analysis, menopausal status was significantly associated with difficulty sleeping, as were ethnicity, vasomotor and psychological symptoms, self-perceived health and health behaviors, arthritis and education. The authors concluded that “stage of the menopausal transition, independent of other potential explanatory factors, is associated with self-reported sleep difficulty,” and that “Older age per se was not significantly associated with difficulty sleeping.” (Note 5)
Wisconsin Sleep Cohort, sleep quality (Young and colleagues, 2003). A probability sample of 589 premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, recruited from Wisconsin state employee records, had full in-laboratory polysomnography (overnight recording of sleep and breathing). Sleep quality was no worse in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. Postmenopausal women had more deep sleep (stages 3 and 4: 16% vs 13%, P < 0.001) and longer total sleep time (388 vs 374 minutes, P = 0.05). Menopausal status was moderately related to dissatisfaction with sleep but not consistently associated with insomnia symptoms or sleepiness. (Note 5)
Finnish follow-up (Lampio and colleagues, 2016). All 81 women were premenopausal at baseline. At five years, 27 were premenopausal, 40 postmenopausal and 14 postmenopausal and using hormone therapy. Sleep quality differed only slightly between the groups. Baseline predictors of poor sleep included depressive symptoms (nocturnal awakenings OR 1.16), personal crises (longer time to fall asleep OR 5.46), medications affecting the central nervous system (worse general sleep quality OR 11.44), perceived poor health (OR 2.87) and frequent night sweats (difficulty falling asleep OR 10.50; 95% CI 2.25–49.01). The wide confidence intervals reflect the small sample. (Note 6)
Hormone therapy and the non-hormone drugs
KEEPS sleep analysis (Cintron and colleagues, 2018). Here, mg means milligrams, μg means micrograms (one thousandth of a milligram), and /day means each day. Oral treatment is swallowed; transdermal treatment is delivered through the skin. These are the study regimens, not individual dosing advice. KEEPS randomized 727 recently menopausal women to oral conjugated equine estrogens (Premarin, 0.45 mg/day), transdermal 17β-estradiol (50 μg/day) or placebo; both active groups also took oral micronized progesterone (200 mg) for the first 12 days of each month. The sleep analysis included 209, 201 and 243 women. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores (0–21, higher is worse; baseline mean 6.3) fell by 1.27 with oral estrogen and 1.32 with the patch, compared with 0.60 with placebo (P = 0.001 and 0.002). Sleep satisfaction and time to fall asleep improved with both; the sleep-disturbance domain improved more with the patch. Global sleep scores correlated with hot flash severity (rs = 0.170) and night sweat severity (rs = 0.177). These Spearman correlations (rs) run from −1 to +1: values near zero indicate a weak relationship, while positive values mean higher scores tend to occur together. Here, the small positive values link worse sleep scores with more severe symptoms; they do not establish cause. The authors concluded that “Sleep quality improved with both HT formulations.” In that quotation, HT means hormone therapy. (Note 7)
The Menopause Society, 2023 nonhormone position statement. Its evidence levels describe the basis for a recommendation: Level I means consistent scientific findings, Level II means findings are limited or inconsistent, and Level III means expert consensus or opinion. The level alone does not mean a treatment works; a treatment can have Level I evidence against its use. Recommended for hot flashes: cognitive behavioral therapy, clinical hypnosis, two antidepressant classes called SSRIs and SNRIs, gabapentin and fezolinetant (Level I); oxybutynin (Levels I–II); weight loss and stellate ganglion block (Levels II–III). A stellate ganglion block is a clinician-administered anesthetic injection near nerves in the lower neck; the statement notes procedural risks and limited evidence for selected women. Not recommended: paced respiration (deliberately slow, deep breathing); supplements and herbal remedies; cooling techniques, avoiding triggers, exercise, yoga, mindfulness, relaxation, suvorexant, soy, cannabinoids and acupuncture, among others. The statement says hormone therapy “should be considered in menopausal women within 10 years of their final menstrual periods.” Of the cooling studies it reviewed, it said cooling interventions “must be tested in larger randomized, placebo-/sham-controlled clinical trials.” (Note 1)
Fezolinetant (Veozah) label. As of September 26, 2026 (label version effective February 2026 in the FDA’s openFDA database), the boxed warning reads “WARNING: RISKS OF HEPATOTOXICITY.” Hepatotoxicity means liver injury. It calls for liver tests before starting, then monthly for the first three months and at six and nine months.
OASIS 1 and 2 (Pinkerton and colleagues, JAMA, 2024). Two double-blind phase 3 trials randomized postmenopausal women aged 40 to 65 with moderate to severe hot flashes to elinzanetant 120 mg daily for 26 weeks, or placebo for 12 weeks and then elinzanetant (OASIS 1: 199 vs 197; OASIS 2: 200 vs 200). Baseline hot flashes averaged about 13 to 16 a day. Compared with placebo, elinzanetant reduced daily hot flash frequency by 3.3 and 3.0 at week 4 and by 3.2 in both trials at week 12 (all P < .001), and improved severity. The authors reported that elinzanetant “improved sleep disturbances and menopause-related quality of life at week 12,” measured by the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance Short Form 8b, a questionnaire about perceived sleep problems. About 78% and 81% completed the trials. (Note 2)
NIRVANA (Baker and colleagues, Sleep, 2026). A phase 2 trial randomized 110 postmenopausal women aged 40 to 65, with at least 20 moderate to severe hot flashes a week and at least 30 minutes awake after falling asleep on a lab sleep test, to elinzanetant 120 mg or placebo for 12 weeks. At week 4, lab-measured wake time after sleep onset was 22.50 minutes lower than placebo (difference estimated by the statistical model; 90% CI −35.47 to −9.52). At week 12 the difference was −0.94 minutes (90% CI −13.96 to 12.09). An additional analysis not specified in advance using all lab data across the 12 weeks favored elinzanetant for wake time, total sleep, the proportion of time in bed spent asleep and awakenings, as did sleep diaries and a contactless home monitor in a subgroup. The accompanying commentary by Julia Lappin, Aurore Perrault and Christopher Gordon (UNSW Sydney, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Macquarie University) was published in Sleep on July 28, 2026. (Note 3)
Lynkuet (elinzanetant) label. FDA application NDA219469 was approved October 24, 2025, as a new molecular entity for moderate to severe hot flashes and night sweats due to menopause. The label’s dose is 120 mg (milligrams) at bedtime. As of September 26, 2026 (DailyMed label revised August 2026): nervous system effects including sleepiness, fatigue and dizziness occurred in 11.9% of patients on the drug versus 3.5% on placebo across three OASIS trials, and patients who have them should avoid driving until they resolve; liver tests are required before starting and three months after; the drug is contraindicated (must not be used) in pregnancy because it may cause pregnancy loss; and a seizure warning was added in August 2026. There is no boxed warning.
The MsFLASH CBT-I trial
McCurry and colleagues, JAMA Internal Medicine, 2016. A single-site randomized trial in western Washington State, run from September 2013 to August 2015, enrolled 106 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women aged 40 to 65 with Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) scores of 12 or more and at least two hot flashes a day. The ISI runs from 0 to 28, with higher scores indicating worse insomnia. CBT-I sessions included sleep restriction, stimulus control, sleep hygiene education, cognitive restructuring and behavioral homework; the control group received menopause education. At 8 weeks, ISI scores fell 9.9 points with CBT-I and 4.7 with education (difference 5.2 points, P < .001), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores fell 4.0 and 1.4. At 24 weeks, 37 of 44 women (84%) in the CBT-I group had ISI scores in the no-insomnia range (0–7), versus 16 of 37 (43%) in the education group. Daily hot flash frequency didn’t differ between groups, but hot flash interference fell more with CBT-I, and the difference held at 24 weeks. The authors concluded that “Telephone-based CBT-I improved sleep in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with insomnia and hot flashes.” (Note 4)
The sleep apnea study
Wisconsin Sleep Cohort, breathing (Young and colleagues, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2003). In 589 women, sleep-disordered breathing was measured by in-lab polysomnography, which records sleep and breathing. Apnea means a pause in breathing; hypopnea means a partial reduction in airflow. The event counts below combine both types per hour of sleep. Adjusted for age, body size, smoking and other factors, odds ratios for 5 or more apnea and hypopnea events per hour were 1.2 (95% CI 0.7–2.2) for perimenopause and 2.6 (1.4–4.8) for postmenopause; for 15 or more events per hour, 1.1 (0.5–2.2) and 3.5 (1.4–8.8). The perimenopause estimates weren’t statistically significant. The authors concluded that the menopausal transition was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of sleep-disordered breathing, independent of known confounding factors. (Note 6)
Sources
- Kravitz HM, et al. Sleep difficulty in women at midlife (SWAN), Menopause, 2003: PubMed 12544673
- Young T, et al. Objective and subjective sleep quality in premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study, Sleep, 2003: PubMed 14572118
- Lampio L, et al. Predictors of sleep disturbance in menopausal transition, Maturitas, 2016: PubMed 27823734
- Cintron D, et al. Oral versus transdermal hormone treatments and sleep in KEEPS, Menopause, 2018: PubMed 28832429
- The North American Menopause Society (now The Menopause Society). The 2023 nonhormone therapy position statement, Menopause, 2023: PubMed 37252752
- Pinkerton JV, et al. Elinzanetant for vasomotor symptoms: OASIS 1 and 2, JAMA, 2024: PubMed 39172446
- Baker FC, et al. Elinzanetant in postmenopausal women with sleep disturbance: the NIRVANA study, Sleep, 2026: PubMed 42520241
- Lappin JM, et al. Elinzanetant improves sleep in postmenopausal women. So does placebo, Sleep, 2026: PubMed 42520219
- McCurry SM, et al. Telephone-based CBT-I in women with vasomotor symptoms (MsFLASH), JAMA Internal Medicine, 2016: PubMed 27213646
- Young T, et al. Menopausal status and sleep-disordered breathing in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study, American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2003: PubMed 12615621
- US Food and Drug Administration label for Lynkuet (elinzanetant), via DailyMed (revised August 2026): DailyMed
- The Menopause Society: Choosing a Healthcare Practitioner
- Society of Behavioral Sleep Medicine: Provider directory
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Sleep Education: Sleep Center Directory
Notes
Note 1: The 2023 position statement lists panel disclosures. Among them, Hadine Joffe reported consulting for Bayer and Merck; Claudio Soares reported consulting for Bayer and Pfizer; Lisa Astalos Chism reported consulting for Astellas, which makes fezolinetant (Veozah); Rebecca Thurston reported consulting for Astellas and Pfizer; and Vivien Brown reported consulting for Pfizer and others. The statement says relevant financial relationships were mitigated.
Note 2: Funded by Bayer, which makes elinzanetant. Bayer had a role in the trials’ design and conduct, data analysis and interpretation, and preparation and approval of the paper. Several Bayer employees are authors, and seven of the eight academic authors reported fees or grants from Bayer.
Note 3: Sponsored by Bayer, according to its ClinicalTrials.gov record (NCT06112756). Several authors are Bayer employees.
Note 4: Funded by the National Institute on Aging through the MsFLASH network (grant U01AG032699), with the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine and the Office of Research on Women’s Health. The funders had no role in the study’s design or reporting. Two authors disclosed industry ties: Charles Morin (consulting for Merck, grants from Novartis) and Hadine Joffe (grants from Merck; consulting for NeRRe Therapeutics, Merck, SAGE Therapeutics and Mitsubishi Tanabe).
Note 5: The SWAN analysis was funded by the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Nursing Research. The Wisconsin sleep-quality study was funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Center for Research Resources.
Note 6: Funding for the Finnish study and the Wisconsin sleep apnea analysis isn’t listed in their PubMed records.
Note 7: Funded by grants from the Aurora Foundation to the Kronos Longevity Research Institute, the National Institutes of Health and the Mayo Foundation, among others; Pfizer funded estrogen measurements in stored blood samples. One author, Hugh Taylor, reported grant support to Yale University from Pfizer, whose subsidiary Wyeth makes Premarin, the oral estrogen used in KEEPS.
Leave a Reply